http://www.anu.edu.au/linguistics/nash/aust/resources.html
TUTORIAL: Languages of Central Australia
Linguistics Association of Great Britain, Edinburgh,
7-9 April 1997
Mary Laughren University of Queensland
David Nash ANU and AIATSIS
Patrick McConvell University of the Northern Territory
Rachel Nordlinger Stanford University
Jane Simpson University of Sydney
Session 1:
Introduction (Simpson), Warlpiri (Laughren)
Session 2:
Warlmanpa (Nash), Warumungu (Simpson)
Session 3:
Gurindji (McConvell), Wambaya (Nordlinger), Social situation leading to convergent
phonologies and grammars (McConvell)
General material
Map
Timeline
Genetic relatedness
Correspondence percentages
Sample genealogy
Sound inventory
Sound structure
Case-marking
Free pronouns
Bound pronouns
Verb forms
Resources
TIME-LINE
1855-56 European explorers enter from north-west (Victoria River)
1860, 1861-2 European explorers enter Central Australia from south
1872 Completion of north-south Overland Telegraph Line linking Darwin with Adelaide. Telegraph
Stations established at Tennant Creek and Powell Creek Newcastle Waters. Start of
European occupation of the area by means of pastoral leases..
1883 Establishment of Victoria River Downs Station
mid 1880s Establishment of Banka Banka Station. Warumungu and Warlmanpa people move there.
1901 Visit by anthropologists, B. Spencer and F.J. Gillen, record information about Warumungu
and Wambaya
1909 Tanami gold-rush
1928 Coniston Massacre: 31+ Warlpiri and Kaytetye murdered
1932 Gold rush and establishment of Tennant Creek.
ca.1947 Establishment of Yuendumu Aboriginal Mission
World War 2 Establishment of Elliott town
1945 Establishment of Phillip Creek Aboriginal Mission
1956 Establishment of Ali Curung Aboriginal reserve. Compulsory move of many Warlpiri,
Warumungu, Warlmanpa, Alywarr and Kaytetye people
1949 Lajamanu Aboriginal Reserve founded: Warlpiri people were moved onto Gurindji country.
1959 Ken Hale visits Central Australia and does first major recording of Warlpiri and Warumungu,
and does preliminary work on Warlmanpa, Gurindji and Wambaya.
ca.1965 Newcastle Waters Strike: Warlmanpa, Jingulu, Mudburra and other groups walk off Newcastle
Waters Station
1966 Gurindji Strike: walk off Wave Hill Station
1967 Commonwealth Referendum on Aboriginal rights:gave Aborigines equal citizenship.
1968 Equal pay for Aborigines came into practice.
1972? Bilingual education starts at Yuendumu School
1975 Wattie Creek (Daguragu) handed over to Gurindji
1976 Northern Territory Land Rights Act
1976-1996 Aboriginal land claims result in handing back land to Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Warumungu,
Gurindji and Wambaya
1970-1990 Language Centres start in Alice Springs (Institute for Aboriginal Development), Tennant
Creek and Katherine.
Percentage of common vocabulary on 166 basic word list
Abbreviations
WWlp Western Warlpiri
EWLp Eastern Warlpiri (Wakirti Warlpiri)
Wpa Warlmanpa
Gur Gurindji
Wru Warumungu
Wmb Wambaya
EWlp Wpa Gur Wru Wmb
WWlp
90 53 29 21 8
EWlp
65 27 26 8
Wpa
27 24 6
Gur
14 11
Wru
5
Figures for Western Warlpiri are higher because of the large supply of synonyms available.
Figures for Eastern Warlpiri are skewed by absence of about 30 words on list
Sounds and spelling of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya
VOWELS
i, ii u, uu
a, aa
CONSONANTS
Place
========
Manner
bilabial
apico-alveolar
apico-post-alveolar
lamino-palatal
dorso-velar
stop
[p~b]
t
[t ~d]
rt
[t5 ~d5]
j
[c~t8~ ~d8]
k
[k~g]
nasal
m
n
rn
ny
[ ~n8]
ng
lateral
l
rl
ly
[ ~ l8]
flap/ trill
rr
[\~r]
semi-vowel
w
r
[ ]
y
Differences
Warumungu
has, phonetically,three series of stops, long and short voiceless, short voiced.
Warlmanpa
has a few long voiceless stops.
Western Warlpiri
has a retroflex flap
rd
as well as an apical trill
rr.
Orthographic convention
Wambaya
b/d/g (nk)
;
Other languages
p/t/k
Sound structure of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya
Minimal word
:
two syllables:
Wlp
Wpa
Monosyllable functors and preverbs
Gur
Wru
Wmb
Initial
no /a/-initial:
Wlp
Wpa Gur
starts in consonant or vowel /a/:
Wru
Wmb
Final
ends in vowel:
Wlp
Wpa
Wmb
ends in vowel or sonorant:
Wru
ends in any C
Gur
Syllable-final
ends in vowel or sonorant
Wlp
ends in V, Son, Stop
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb
Syllable-initial
neutralise apical distinction
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb
all consonants bar: flap, palatal l
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
all consonants bar: rhotics and palatal l
Wmb
Intra-morphemic cluster restrict
lateral-nasal clusters disallowed
Wlp
Wmb
nasal cluster dissimilation
East Wlp (rstr)
Wpa
(rstr)
Gur
Wru (rstr)
Stress
primary on initial syllable
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb
initial syllable of 2 syllable morpheme
Wlp
Wpa Gur
Wru
Wmb
Case forms of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya
Pama-Nyungan
non-Pama-Nyungan
Ngumbin-Yapa
Gloss
Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya
Ergative
-rlu ~
-rli
(3+morae)
-rlu
(triggers regressive assimilation) (3+morae)
-lu
~
-rlu
(3+morae)
-jju ~ -jji ~ -jja ~
-ntti ~
-nttu
(3+syl)
-ni ~
-nu ~
-ji ~
-yi ~
-ngku~
-ngki
(2 morae)
-ngu
(2 morae)
-ngku
(2 morae)
-ngkV
(2 morae)
Locative
-rla
(3+morae)
-rla
(3+morae)
-la
~
-rla
(3+morae)
=Ergative
intrans.V =Allative
trans.V
=Ergative
-ngka
(2 morae)
-nga
(2 morae)
-ngka
(2 morae)
Dative
-ku ~
-ki
-ku
-ku
~-wu
(nouns)
-(ngu)ny
(pronoun)
-kV
-nka ~ -ja ~
-janka
Allative
-kurra~
-kirra
-ka
-jirri
~
-yirri ~
-ngkurra
-kVna
-nmanji
Ablative
-ngurlu
-ngirli
-ngurlu
-ngurlu
-ngara
-nnga ~
-ngani
Possess-ive
-ku/ki+
rlangu
-kurla
=Dative
-kari
-nVgarna
-nVganka
Having
-kurlu
-kirli
-parnta
-parna
-jarung~
-yawung
-jangu
-nguj-
Without
-wangu
-wangu
-jila
-mulung
-kVpurtu
-baj- ~
-waj- ~
-aj- ~
-yaj- ~
Denizen of
-ngawurrpa
-wardingki
-nganarra
-wartingi
-ngarna
-warinyi
-inji ~
-inya ~
-inja
Free pronouns of Eastern Warlpiri, Warlmanpa, Gurindji, Warumungu, Wambaya
Gloss
E.Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya
Subject pronouns inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
Subject pronouns don't inflect for Ergative case
1 sg SBJ
ngaju(lu)
arni
1 sg OBJ
ngaju
ngayu
ngayu
ajju
ngawu-(rniji)
2 sg SBJ
nyuntu(lu)
angi
2 sg OBJ
nyuntu
nyuntu
nyuntu
angku
nyami-(rniji)
3 sg SBJ
nyanungu
(ama)
3 sg OBJ
nyanungu
nyantu
1 duin S
ngali
= 1sg
ngali
ayil
mirndi-yani
1 duin O
ngali
ayingkki
mirnda
1 duex S
ngajarra
= 1sg
ngayirra
ajjil
ngurlu-wani
1 duex O
ngajarra
ajikki
ngurla
2 du S
nyumpala
= 2sg
nyunpula
amppul
gurlu-wani
2 du O
nyumpala
ampukku
gurla
3 du S
nyanungu-jarra
nyanpula
awul
wurlu-wani
3 du O
nyanungu-jarra
apulu
wurla
1 plin S
ngalipa
= 1sg
ngaliwa
anyul
ngurru-wani
1 plin O
ngalipa
anyungkku
ngurra
1 plex S
nganimpa
= 1sg
ngantipa
ankkul
ngirri-yani
1 plex O
nganimpa
ankku
ngirra
2 pl S
nyurrarla
= 2sg
nyurrurlu
arrkkul
girri-yani
2 pl O
nyurrarla
arrkku
girra
3 pl S
nyanungu-patu
nyarrurlu
ajjul
irri-yani
3 pl O
nyanungu-patu
ajurnu
irra
Bound pronouns of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa Warumungu, Wambaya, Gurindji
Pama-Nyungan
non-Pama-Nyungan
Ngumbin-Yapa
(enclitic: 2nd position)
Warumungu
Wambaya
Gloss
Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji (also on V)
1st/2nd position
proclitics:2nd position
1 sg SBJ
-rna
-rna
-rna
arni
ngi-
1 sg OBJ
-ju
-ju
-yi
ajju
-ng-
2 sg SBJ
-n(pa)
-n(ku)
-n
angi
nyi-
2 sg OBJ
-ngku
-ngu
-ngku
angku
-ny-
3 sg SBJ
(ama)
gi-;gini-ngiyi- (ERG)
3 sg OBJ
1 duin S
-rli
-li
-rli
ayil
mirndi-
1 duin O
-ngali-(ngki)
-ngali
-ngali
(ny)
ayingkki
-ng-
1 duex S
-rli-jarra
-ja
-ja
ajjil
ngurlu-
1 duex O
-jarrangku
-jangu
-ngayirra (ny)
ajikki
-ng-
2 du S
-n-(pa)-pala
-npala
-npula
amppul
gurlu-
2 du O
-ngkupala
-ngupala
-ngkuwula
ampukku
-ny-
3 du S
-pala
-pala
-pula~
-wula
awul
wurlu-
3 du O
-palangu
-palangu
-puliny~
-wuliny
apulu
1 plin S
-rlipa
-lpa(-lu)
-rlaa
anyul
ngurru-
1 plin O
-ngalpa
-lpangu
-ngala
anyungkku
-ng-
1 plex S
-rna-lu
-rna-lu
-rna-lu
ankkul
ngirri-
1 plex O
-nganpa
-nganpa
-ngantipa
ankku
-ng-
2 pl S
-nku-lu
-nku-lu
-nta
arrkkul
girri-
2 pl O
-nyarra
-nyangu
-nyurra~
-nyjurra
arrkku
-ny-
3 pl S
-lu
-lu
-lu
ajjul
irri-
3 pl O
-jana
-jana
-jina~
-yina
ajurnu
Verb forms of Warlpiri, Warlmanpa Warumungu, Wambaya, Gurindji
Warlpiri
Warlmanpa
Gurindji
Warumungu
Wambaya
No.verb roots
178 ??
44
31
70
?open
No. conjugations
C1,C2 big
C3-5 small
5
6
C1-3 medium
C4 big
2 (phonological conditioning)
Present/non-past
burn (intr.)
jankami
(C1)
jinnya
(C1)
jiyarnana
(C1)
yungkan
(C1)
najbi (C0)
burn (tr.)
kampami
(C1)
kupannya
(C2)
kampa-rnana
(C1)
kupunta
(C2)
wugbardi (CJ), najbi
hit/ spear
pakarni
(C2)
pakannya
(C2)
panana
(C2)
pakanta (C2)
daguma (CJ)
get/ transit-iviser
mani
(C5)
mannya (C5)
manana
(C2)
-munta (C4)
yanybi (C0)
hit/bite
pinyi (C3)
pungunya (C3)
pungana (C3)
punjjan (C3)
dawu (CJ)
see
nyanyi (C3)
nyanganya (C3)
nyangana (C3)
nyanjjan (C3)
ngajbi (C0)
Past
jankaja
jinangu
jiyarni
yungkunyu
=
Present
kampaja
kuparnu
kamparni
kupunyu
pakarnu
pakarnu
pani
pakinyi
manu
manu
mani
-munyu
pungu
pungu
punya
punyu
nyangu
nyangu
nyanya
nyanyi
Future
= Non-past
jina(mi)
jiyawu
yungku
najba
kupan(mi)
kampawu
kuppul
wugbarda, wugbardi-jba,
najba
pakan(mi)
parru
pakkil
dagumajba
manmi
malu
-murru
yanyba
pinyi
pungku
puyu
dawujba
nyanyi
nyangku
nyayi
ngajba
Participle base
jankanja-
jinja-
jiyarnu-
yungkuju-
naj-i-
(case suffixes
kampanja-
kupanja-
kamparnu-
kupunju-
wugbardi-ji-
added for purposive,
pakarninja-
pakanja-
panu-
pakinji-
daguma-ji-
switch reference
maninja-
manja-
manu-
-munju-
-----
etc.)
pinja-
pinyja-
pungu-
punju-
dawu-ji-
nyanja-
nyanyja-
nyangu-
nyanji-
ngaj-i-